Chapter # 13 ( Monitor OR Display )

You might know about TV (television), monitor is also like TV in its design and shape but, its functions are a little but more than a TV. Whatever we try to find out on computer, it shows the result on the screen of monitor in the form of written or pictures.

Similarly, when we compose English, Urdu or Arabic or any other language on computer, the computer shows the result on the the screen of monitor. There is a button on screen which is used for the purpose of ON-OFF. Monitor also contains some other buttons which are useful in setting of colors and appearances of monitor. Composing of any type can easily be read on screen and you can also increase/decrease its size.

The main source of interacting between you and computer is definitely the monitor. You can operate a computer without interfacing, without disk drives or without different cards but can't without a monitor. Operating a computer without a monitor is just like finding a black in a dark room.

In birth days of computer, the computers were only in the form of some boxes and there were no any concept of monitor at that time. Users of that time computer correct their records according to some specific lights and after printing they find out their mistakes.

In those days, all of working of computers was just like a type writer. When CTR Terminal Tube or Monitor was introduced then it increases the value and importance as well as efficiency of computers. After that invention, it seemed to be the necessary part of of the computer since that time.

Any computer video system consists of following two big things.

1. Monitor OR Display
2. Video Card

Monitor needs a input unit which can provide actions and guild lines. In some computers this function is controlled by mother boards. On the other hand video adapter, video cards and graphic cards also being connected with computers now a days.

Today, color monitors are also available in the market which can display 250 to 1000 different colors. Actually these colors are connected with three different phosphorus and then display colors. Basically there are three colors Red, Green and Blue. These colors are due to signals which send to electroguns and then electroguns send any one of those basic colors to screen (monitor). Those colors transfers in the form of waves from metal conductor and that conductor is known as Sheeto-Mask.

Color monitor is more comfortable as compared to simple black and white monitors. Composing of any type as pictures can also seen on screen of monitor such as people, building, animals and any type of other pictures, movies or games.

Just think a while, if there wouldn't be any monitors available in the world that it might possible that there will definitely a value of computers but it can be said there will be a decrease in interest of people to the computer and that will lead to decrease importance of computer in the world. Therefore, it can be said that a computer is an incomplete without a monitor.   

Chapter # 12 ( Main Parts of Computer ? )

What is computer? Computer is not only a single machine but its a combination of some basic parts that makes a computer combined. Logically meaning of computer is the state of the art wonderful machine that could solve various problems very quickly with 100% result oriented.

Computer works better only in case when its all main parts should be connected with it and should be in good condition in order to operate efficiently. Today, many institutions have been established for the training and awareness of computers to the students. These institutions are also informing about computer advantages and how to operate it effectively and get quick result.


Today, We'll tell you that how computer can be helpful for you ! what it can do for you !! which tasks can you get by using computers !!! and how it could be helpful for your children in their educational purpose and training. So, definitely your first choice will be to purchase a computer.

Computer is the combination of some main parts that makes a complete set and called as a computer (look at the picture),

Lets introduce you some main parts of computer. A computer contains following main parts. We will only introduce the parts which are basically important for a computer and some those ones which are technically important and attached under computer.

Some Basically Main Parts are as follows;

1. C.P.U ( Central Processing Unit)
2. Monitor
3. Key Board
4. Mouse
5. Printer
6. Scanner
7. Mirco Processor
8. RAM
9. CD-ROOM
10. Mother Board
11. Hard Disk
12. Floppy Drive Disk
13. CD-Drive

Chapter # 11 ( Languages of Computer )

According to the technical point of view there two different types of languages are being used in computers which are as follows;

1. Low Level Programming Language
2. High level Programming Language

Low Level Programming Language is the first type of language that computers understand very easily. Low Level Programming Language is also known as Machine Language pr Assembly Language. High level Programming Language is known as second level computer language. This language is just like English language.

Despite of Low level and High level programming languages, there are another 04 specific languages of computers which are as follows;

• BASIC
• COBOL
• FORTRAN
• ABACUS

Let us, discuss about these specific languages,

BASIC Language:
Actually the word basic is the short form of following words;

B = Beginners
A = All Purpose
S = Symbols
I =  Instructions
C = Code

It is widely used language of computers in the world therefore, it is known as a high level language. This language can be used for high level purposes.

Background of Basic Language:
This language was introduced by John Kemeny & Thomas Kurtz in Darmouth College in 1960. This language proved to be very easy language in little time period and hence, it becomes most favorable language of computer in the world.
Different forms of basic language are available but all of those are a little bit similar to each other. Most common forms of Basic languages are as follows;

• Borland Turbo Basic
• Q-Basic
• G-w-Basic

Q basic type of language is used in DOS and it will open by typing like following formula in run
C:dos) q basic. The usage of Basic language is very much easily. Just look at following examples, these are examples of Basic Language;

Open (new file)                                           alt + f + n
Open (previous file)                                     alt + f + o
Save                                                            alt + f + s
Save As (save with different name)             alt + f + a
Print                                                             alt + f + p

For return just press Esc. button on the keyboard.

COBOL:
COBOL language is also a famous language of computer programming. COBOL is short form of;

Co: Common
B :  Business
O : Oriented
L : Language

COBOL is mostly used for business/commercial purposes in the world.

FORTRAN:
This language is used for scientific purposes and Pascal language is used for educational purposes. The full form of FORTRAN language is as follows;

FOR : Formulate
TRAN : Translation.


.

Chapter # 10 ( Types of Computers)

World's first commercial computer Wall Colosis 1500 was invented by a Britian scientist Mr. T.H Flower and design was proposed by Professor Max H.A in 1943.

Today, many types of computers are being introduced in the market and new models have been manufactured. So, according to these different types and models and usages we may divide these types as following.

1. Micro Computers or Personal Computers
2. Super Computers
3. Digital Computers
4. Analog Computers
5. Hybrid Computers
6. Main Frame Computers
7. Mini or Mid-range Computers
8. Laptop Computers
9. Note Book Computers
10. Sub Note-Book Computers

Now, let us discuss above types of computers separately and briefly one by one.

Micro Computers / Personal Computers:
Micro Computers are also known as Personal Computers. This type of computer was first introduced in 1970. This computer was usually used for business/commercial purpose and in educational institutions. Despite of Micro-computers Note-Book computers and Laptop computers are also available in the market.
These computers are very little in size as well as weight. Famous companies which prepare these types of computers are IBM, Apple, Compac, AS, Gateway & Tandy.

Super Computers:
These type of computers are very much faster and 100% result oriented very quickly. These types of computers are being used by people who want to work fastest with quick response. Super computers are very much faster and comfortable as compared to other common computers. Super computers manufacturers are Cray and Fujitsu.

Digital Computers:
These type of computers operates with ON-OFF system. Digital computers examples are digital watches, digital calculators and the instruments of measurement.

Analog Computers:
These computers works on the basis of Signals. Analog computers determines the change  or quantity of different things. Petrol Pump Station, Gas Stations and Speed Meter in cars are some of examples of Analog computers.

Hybrid Computers:
Hybrid computers possesses the qualities of both Analog and Digital computers. Hybrid computers are used for medical / health related tasks such as for measuring patient's blood pressure, temperature etc, we use I.C.U (Intensive Care Unit).

Main Frame Computers:
Main Frame Computer was first introduced in 1950. Actually main frame computer is a big machine placed in a big room and connected with others computers within range of city or area with telephone wires.
Main frame computers operating speed is very fast. This type of computer is usually used in educational institutions, banks, business institutions, air companies, defense and in atomic research centers.

Mini OR Mid-Range Computers:
This type of computer was first introduced in 1960. In first days of Mini Computer it was used for the purpose of scientific and engineering research but later on, it was also used for educational purpose. Following famous companies prepare mini computers.

• DAS
• NCR
• Hewllet Packard
• Data General
• Wang
• IBM

Laptop Computers:
These type of computers are too smaller in size as compared to others computers and usually size is 9*12*12 and weight approximately 7 pounds. Today, many companies are introducing big screens for laptops like desktop monitor screens. Now, laptop computers contain sound systems, CD-Room and also a huge RAM (Random Access Memory). Laptop computers are very much comfortable for the people who want to took it to home from their offices.

Note Book Computers:
Note book computers are small in size and weight. This type of computers are usually weight is 5 to 7 pounds approximately. Some note book computers are also equipped with sound system and CD-Room, Hard drive and memory. Note Book computers can be taken to here and there very easily therefore, these types of computers are very famous due to their that qualities.

Sub Note Book Computers:
These computers are smaller in the size than laptop as well as note book computers. This computer usually contains 4 to 5 pound weight. It is very much comfortable for the people who wish to use computer while travelling. Sub Note Book computers are equipped with Floppy Drive and there is not any CD-Room in it. Due to their smallest size as compared to others, these are expensive one.

Chapter # 9 Computer Ancestors' Inventions ( Punch Cards / Mechanical Computer )

An American scientist "Hollerith" invented "Punch Cards" for the purpose of data processing in computers. His punch cards were used in America in that times only.

In 1930, an other scientist "Bush" invented a world's first "Mechanical Computer" which was used for simple calculations. After that, Howard Aiken invented "Auto-Mechanical Computer System" for computers which were connected with Hollerith punch cards and that were proved to be a good computer in that times.

There are another two famous scientist who played their wide role in development of today's stat of art computers. A German Mathematician John Van Newman (1903-1957) and Britain Mathematician Alen Mathison Turing (1912-1952) who introduced some logical and Arithmetical helps in developing a fast and powerful computers.

Despite of all of above scientists and mathematicians, there was a Muslim Scientist "AL-KHWARIZMI" who was also known as the Father of Mathematics, provided the basic theories of calculations, counting, arithmetic, and guild lines and hence computers were invented upon his theories and guild lines.

These were the scientists who work day and night and changes the ;life of humanbeing by introducing computers. We must salute their hardworking and should try to research on technology field. Nothing is impossible in the world, may be we could invent a new type of computer/technology after researching on previous theories, facts, studies, research and findings of science ancestors. 

World First Computer Programmer ?

Ada Augusta was the special partner of Charles Babbage. She become world;s first programmer after introducing   first program for Charles Babbage's computer "Difference Engine"

Chapter # 8 ( Who is the Father of Computer? / Difference Engine? )

You might heard the famous quote that "Necessity is the mother of invention". So, many people ask me that who is if necessity is the mother of invention then who is father of invention? So, today I am introducing with you a famous British Mathematics Professor & Scientist who is known as the father on invention.

Charles Babbage is the father of computer. He was born in England in 1792 and was a son of a rich banker. Charles invented the a computer named "Difference Engine" in 1821, which was too large and a complicated machine. His machine could do logarithm calculations automatically. Although Charles Babbage's computer was not a good one because, no electricity was invented in that times instead, the invention of today's modern computers are only because of him Difference Engine invention.

Although his invention failed in that times but, later on his failure proved to be a success in later on when other scientists started to invent new computers by following Charles's theory and principals. After introducing first computer by other scientists, they give the title of Father of Computer to "Charles Babbage".

Charles Babbage's computer (Difference Engine) was included of following parts;

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit
2. Control Unit
3. Memory Story Unit

Above three things in Difference Engine proves that, Charles Babbage introduced a full concept of computer in his times. But unfortunately, due to non-availability of electricity in that time (because electricity was not invented when Charles invented difference engine) didn't provide him further opportunity to work more on that project.

Chapter # 7 ( World's First IC Chip )

IC means Integrated Circuit (Chip), was invented by an American Engineer of Texas city in 1959. IC is a Semi-conductor and it contains many transistors at a time in it which are combined without wires and that is the ancestor of the modern integrated circuit.

The World's first IC Circuit only contains 6 transistors in it but, later on these transistors were being increased with advanced features of that IC circuit and hence, you can see that in today's computers there are about five and half million transistors in a single computer and in some other computers, the number of transistors are 32 Million with a extra chip attached in mother boards.

In 1969, a Kilo Bit chip was introduced fir the purpose of memory which was the biggest chip of that times. You can simply understand that chip and its bit process by looking at follow;

1 Kilo Bit = 1024 Bit
1 Byte = 8 Bit

So, this chip can store 128 Byte data only, and that was enough for highs speed computers as compared to today's modern ones. In those days. Microsoft Intel Corporation Company made 12 different functions chips for calculators of Japan's Company and then they converted all thos

Those chips were only used for calculators in those times, and could usee 12 in the form of a single chip that was controlled by some specific Programme which could change functions of those chips easily.
This could read guild lines from memory which was controlled by a button on calculator. Hence, its different functions and working on a calculators and reading memories controlled by buttons raised the need of that chip (IC-Integrated Circuit) for computers. So, the scientist started to work on that project. Soon after, they succeeded in that purpose and invented World's First Miro processor
   

Chapter # 6 ( What is Transistor ? )

The invention of transistor played a wide role in evolution of computers because, transistor is a semi-conductor device.

In 1939, William Shockley, Walter Brattaid and John Bardeen invented the might invention of the "TRANSISTOR" in Bill Laboratories. (look at the picture.)

Transistor is a semi-conductor device which, works like a electricity switch is too much better than Vaccume Tubes. Transistor consumes a little amount of electricity and the computers that are being built with transistor technology are also in small size as compared of Vaccume Tubes computers.

In fact, that was the only transistor, by which smaller sized computer had been built by different companies. Today laptop computers which are too smaller in size as compared to others are also faster in speed and runs with a battery system and consumes a little amount of electricity voltage.

Chapter # 5 ( Evolution of Computers )

The research, finding, experiments and earliest inventions by scientist helper directly or indirectly the Amazing invention of today's Computers. Today's modern computers are combination on some "Switches".

Switches?
Switches are comprised of getting knowledge, controlling it and handling binary system data. We must know about these switches in order to operate computers efficiently and effectively. Binary system of computer had proved to be very much beneficial for on-off facility. A good switch is needed for this system.

World's first computers were accompanied by "Vaccume Tubes". These tubes were good for its time in Middle Age of computers but these tubes were not comfortable as compared to switches. Vaccume Tubes were consuming too much electricity voltage and systems were getting too hot after using a little time period. In Big Computers, after every 2 hours a single Vaccume tube became unusable. Therefore, scientists of that time started to find out its substitute or in other words scientists tried to invent something else that could be more comfortable for computers as compared to Vaccume Tubes.

Chapter # 4 ( History of Computer )

Counting system started from ABACUS which was invented by the people of China, leads to the Pascal's Calculator and then Leibnitz's Calculator. During the days of ABACUS and other calculators, many scientists tried their best to invent advance features of those inventions. So, in order to learn about computers and its history, we need to start from the times of ABACUS.

The detailed history of computers is divided into three different stages which are as follows;

1. Dark Age of Computers
2. Middle Age of Computers
3. Modern Age of Computers

Let us learn about these stages and their times and inventions briefly;


Dark Age of Computers:

Dark age of computers is comprised of ABACUS times and this age is from 3000 B.C to 1890.

Middle Age of Computers:
The middle age of computer comprises of the days when calculators were invented and were working for calculations purpose only in the world. The age of these computers is from 1890 to 1944.

Modern Age of Computers:
From 1944 till today, it is said to be the modern age of computers. Now computer has reached its high desire with a high speed of processing data and limited space occupying. Today many types of computers are available in the market and computer has transfered in every field of life, almost in every organization, Government Offices, Banks, Commercial Businesses, Industrial fields or NGOs are also using computers.

Chapter # 3 ( Basic of Calculator / Who Invented Calculator ? )

In 1642, "Blaise Pascal" invented the world's first calculator after researching and experimenting ABACUS.
Pascal's calculator could do only two functions of ;

1. Addition 
2. Multiplication

Soon after, these functions are advanced with Division and Subtractions by an other scientist.



In 1673, G-W-Leibnitz invented advance Leibnitz Calculator which was advance feature of Pascal's calculator. Leibnitz calculator could do following functions.

1. Divide
2. Multiply
3. Subtract
4. Addition

Chapter # 2 ( Early Days of Computer / How to Use ABACUS? )

First of all, in the history of the world, the first computer "ABACUS" was invented by Chinese people for counting purpose in 3000 B.C (Before Christ).

"ABACUS" is just like a frame of strings with little balls attached in it, each balls carries some value. Today in some modern schools a ball frame is provided to students for counting purpose. You can call this "ABACUS". If you want to know more about ABACUS and how to use it read my article of how to use ABACUS here or you can also watch following video for further introduction.

With the help of ABACUS, too duff and too difficult mathematically questions can be solved in just a minutes. ABACUS was used by the people of China in 3000 B.C. By the help of ABACUS, we can solve questions of Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction very easily and comfortably.

Introduction & how to use ABACUS ?

Here you can watch the video about How to use "ABACUS". This is a simple and easy made video specially for kids and all others who don't know about ABACUS and its using.

Chapter # 1 (What is Computer)

What is computer?
Who was the father of Computer?
What are the main parts of computer?

Above are the some questions that will help us understand computers and its functions.

There were many great minds, who worked day and night. When humankind travels to cities with a new sense and consciousness then they start finding and researched things around them and observed functions of its own body and started to invent new things. Humankind observed its hands and figures and felt that they is a common sequence in figures of both hands and feet. Hence, the system of "Counting" arises from this ideology and today it becomes in the form of digits.

From time to time, the counting needs of humankind arises with a high volume so, the human in that times badly needs some new ways of counting and this leads human to invent the first computer ever in the history of the world, which was named as "ABACUS" and was invented by the people of China.

In fact, ABACUS was the only invention in the history through which human had invented today's high speed computers, laptops, super computers, mobiles, iPhone etc.